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Gotthard Tunnel
The Gotthard Tunnel (German: ''Gotthardtunnel'', Italian: ''Galleria del San Gottardo'') is a long railway tunnel and forms the summit of the Gotthard Railway in Switzerland. It connects Göschenen with Airolo and was the first tunnel through the Gotthard massif. It is built as one double-track, standard gauge tunnel.
The tunnel rises from the northern portal at Göschenen (1106 metres / 3650 ft) and the highest point (1151 metres, or 3800 ft) is reached after approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi). After two more kilometers, the border between the cantons of Uri and Ticino is passed; after another 5 kilometres (3 mi), the tunnel ends at the southern portal near to Airolo (1142 metres, or 3770 ft). The trip takes about seven to eight minutes by train. Services are operated by the Swiss Federal Railways.
==Construction==
The tunnel was built from 1871 to 1881. Construction was surveyed by the Swiss engineer Louis Favre, who suffered a fatal heart attack inside the tunnel in 1879. Construction was difficult due to financial, technical and geological issues, the last leading to the death of around 200 workers (the exact number is not known) mainly due to water inrushes; many were also killed by the compressed air-driven trains carrying excavated material out of the tunnel. There were also serious health issues caused by an epidemic of hookworm infection (''Ancylostoma duodenale'').〔E. Bugnion, ("On the epidemic caused by Ankylostomum among the eorkmen in the St. Gothard Tunnel" ), ''British Medical Journal'', volume 1, page 382, 1881.〕〔〔(Bibliography of Hookworm Disease )〕 Medical investigations led to "major advances in parasitology, by way of research into the aetiology, epidemiology and treatment of ancylostomiasis".〔R. Peduzzi and J.-C. Piffaretti, ("Ancylostoma duodenale and the Saint Gothard anaemia" ), ''British Medical Journal'', volume 287, pages 1942–1945, 1983.〕 A strike of the workers in 1875 was crushed by the Swiss Army, killing four and wounding 13.
There is a memorial for the dead workers near the station building at Airolo, created by the artist Vincenzo Vela.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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